Traits can be implemented using a variety of language features Module and module type inclusion, functors and functor types, class and class type inheritance, et cetera. In general, the further down in the hierarchy a class appears, the more specialized its behavior When a message is sent to an object, it is passed up the inheritance tree starting from the class of the receiving object until a definition is found for the method This process is called upcasting. Uml notation for a class
This button class has variables for data, and functions Through inheritance, a subclass can be created as a subset of the button class Objects are instances of a class An oop computer program consists of objects that. Duck typing is similar to, but distinct from, structural typing Structural typing is a static typing system that determines type compatibility and equivalence by a type's structure, whereas duck typing is dynamic and determines type compatibility by only that part of a type's structure that is accessed during runtime
